1. JCCT
  2. Ch&ChT Vol. 19, No. 4, 2025
  3. Testing the Effectiveness of Growth Factors in Dermal Applications

Testing the Effectiveness of Growth Factors in Dermal Applications

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Wojciech Karwowski1, Damian Dudek2, Ewa Kłodzińska3,4
Affiliation: 
1 St. Lazarus Foundation, 21-300, 4 Pocztowa St., Radzyń Podlaski, Poland 2 Department of Perioperative Dentistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-067, 13-15 Jagiellońska St., Bydgoszcz, Poland 3 Institute of Innovative Medicine, Longevity Clinic, 30-701, 25/4 Zablocie St., Krakow, Poland 4 EK Bio-Med, 87-100, 26/403 Szosa Chelminska Str., Torun, Poland klodzinskaewa473@gmail.com
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht19.04.783
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Keywords: 
fullerenes
zeta potential
capillary electrophoresis
skin delivery systems
Franz diffusion cell
Abstract: 
This study evaluates the electrophoretic behaviour and zeta potential of fullerenes in various buffer systems, hydrogel matrices, and in combination with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to optimise their potential for dermal applications. The methodology involved capillary electrophoresis (CE) and zeta potential measurements to assess fullerene stability in buffer solutions with pH values of 2.5, 7, and 9.3, as well as in a hydrogel base and in combination with IGF-1. Samples were analysed at 48 and 73 hours after preparation, and electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential were measured. Pronounced aggregation and irregular migration in aqueous and buffer solutions were demonstrated under acidic and alkaline conditions. Neutral conditions provided moderate stabilization but remained insufficient to ensure long-term colloidal stability. Incorporation of fullerenes into a hydrogel matrix significantly enhanced stability. The presence of IGF-1 in fullerene dispersions further improved electrophoretic profiles, suggesting a potential synergistic stabilizing effect.
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