Error message

  • Deprecated function: Unparenthesized `a ? b : c ? d : e` is deprecated. Use either `(a ? b : c) ? d : e` or `a ? b : (c ? d : e)` in include_once() (line 1439 of /home/science2016/public_html/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Array and string offset access syntax with curly braces is deprecated in include_once() (line 3557 of /home/science2016/public_html/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Unparenthesized `a ? b : c ? d : e` is deprecated. Use either `(a ? b : c) ? d : e` or `a ? b : (c ? d : e)` in include_once() (line 1439 of /home/science2016/public_html/includes/bootstrap.inc).
  • Deprecated function: Array and string offset access syntax with curly braces is deprecated in include_once() (line 3557 of /home/science2016/public_html/includes/bootstrap.inc).

A Comparative Study of the Phenolic and Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Ziziphus Mauritiana’s Leaves, Ripe and Unripe Fruit Extracts from UAE

Ismail A. Elhaty1, Sendeyah A. Zeyoudi2
Affiliation: 
1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE iaeismail@gelisim.edu.tr
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht18.03.363
AttachmentSize
PDF icon full_text.pdf681.11 KB
Abstract: 
This study evaluates the antioxidant properties of leaves, unripe and ripe fruits of Ziziphus mauritiana from the UAE. Phenolic compounds show a strong correlation with antioxidant activity, with the leaves exhibiting the highest efficiency. The results suggest that Ziziphus mauritiana leaves are a promising source of natural antioxidants with potential therapeutic applications.
References: 

[1] Aruoma, O. I. Free Radicals, Antioxidants and International Nutrition. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999, 8, 53-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00036.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00036.x

[2] Gupta, V. K.; Sharma, S. K. Plants as Natural Antioxidants. Nat Prod Radiance 2006, 5, 326-334.

[3] Magder, S. Reactive Oxygen Species: Toxic Molecules or Spark of Life? Crit Care 2006, 10, 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3992
https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3992

[4] Burlakova, E.; Molochkina, E.; Nikiforov, G. Hybrid Antioxidants. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2008, 2, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.03.163
https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.03.163

[5] Halliwell, B. How to Characterize an Antioxidant: An Update. Biochem Soc Symp 1995, 61, 73-101. https://doi.org/10.1042/bss0610073
https://doi.org/10.1042/bss0610073

[6] Skiba, M.; Zaporozhets, J. Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of the Apricot Cake Extract: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2022, 16, 591-599. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht16.04.591
https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht16.04.591

[7] Sazhina, N.; Misin, V. M.; Korotkova, E. I. Study of Mint Extracts Antioxidant Activity by Electrochemical Methods. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2011, 5, 13-17. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.01.013
https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.01.013

[8] Brewer, M. S. Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Compounds, Mechanisms of Action, and Potential Applications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf 2011, 10, 221-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00156.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00156.x

[9] Soobrattee, M. A.; Neergheen, V. S.; Luximon-Ramma, A.; Aruoma, O. I.; Bahorun, T. Phenolics as Potential Antioxidant Therapeutic Agents: Mechanism and Actions. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 2005, 579, 200-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023

[10] Chaudière, J.; Ferrari-Iliou, R. Intracellular Antioxidants: from Chemical to Biochemical Mechanisms. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1999, 37, 949-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00090-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00090-3

[11] Akbari, B.; Baghaei‐Yazdi, N.; Bahmaie, M.; Mahdavi Abhari, F. The Role of Plant‐Derived Natural Antioxidants in Reduction of Oxidative Stress. BioFactors 2022, 48, 611-633. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1831
https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1831

[12] Hinneburg, I.; Damien Dorman, H. J.; Hiltunen, R. Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Selected Culinary Herbs and Spices. Food Chem 2006, 97, 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.028
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.028

[13] Liu, R. H. Health Benefits of Fruit and Vegetables are from Additive and Synergistic Combinations of Phytochemicals. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2003, 78, 517s-520s. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517S
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517S

[14] Al-Dabbagh, B.; Elhaty, I. A.; Al Hrout, A. a.; Al Sakkaf, R.; El-Awady, R.; Ashraf, S. S.; Amin, A. Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Trigonella foenum-graecum, Cassia acutifolia and Rhazya stricta. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018, 18, 240-252. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2285-7
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2285-7

[15] Al-Dabbagh, B.; Elhaty, I. A.; Elhaw, M.; Murali, C.; Al Mansoori, A.; Awad, B.; Amin, A. Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). BMC Res. Notes 2019, 12, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3960-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3960-y

[16] Al-Dabbagh, B.; Elhaty, I. A.; Murali, C.; Madhoon, A. A.; Amin, A. Salvadora persica (Miswak): Antioxidant and Promising Antiangiogenic Insights. American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018, 09, 1228-1244. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.96091
https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.96091

[17] Koehn, F. E.; Carter, G. T. The Evolving Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 2005, 4, 206. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1657
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1657

[18] Way, T.-D.; Kao, M.-C.; Lin, J.-K. Apigenin Induces Apoptosis through Proteasomal Degradation of HER2/neu in HER2/neu-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt-dependent Pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 4479-4489. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m305529200
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M305529200

[19] Patel, D.; Shukla, S.; Gupta, S. Apigenin and Cancer Chemoprevention: Progress, Potential and Promise (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 2007, 30, 233-245. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.30.1.233
https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.30.1.233

[20] Memon, A. A.; Memon, N.; Bhanger, M. I.; Luthria, D. L. Assay of Phenolic Compounds from four Species of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) Fruits: Comparison of Three Base Hydrolysis Procedure for Quantification of Total Phenolic Acids. Food Chem 2013, 139, 496-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.065
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.065

[21] Cacciola, A.; D'Angelo, V.; Raimondo, F. M.; Germanò, M. P.; Braca, A.; De Leo, M. Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. as a Source of Health Promoting Products: Metabolomic Profile, Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2022, 19, e202200237. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200237
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200237

[22] Ezz, T. M.; Yousif, A. M.; Farag, M. E. Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Genetic Studies on Some Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) Varieties Grown at El Nubaria. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 2011, 89, 1499-1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2011.179481
https://doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2011.179481

[23] Anjum, M. A.; Haram, A.; Ahmad, R.; Bashir, M. A. Physico-Chemical Attributes of Fresh and Dried Indian Jujube (Zizyphus Mauritiana) Fruits. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 2020, 57, 165-176. https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/20.7845

[24] Gupta, M.; Bhandari, A.; Singh, R. K. Pharmacognostical Evaluations of the Leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2012, 3, 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(3).818-21
https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(3).818-21

[25] Dahiru, D.; Obidoa, O. Pretreatment of Albino Rats with Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ziziphus mauritiana Protects against Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2007, 6, 705-710. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v6i2.14649
https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v6i2.14649

[26] Zozio, S.; Servent, A.; Cazal, G.; Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié, D.; Ravion, S.; Pallet, D.; Abel, H. Changes in Antioxidant Activity during the Ripening of Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk). Food Chem 2014, 150, 448-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.022

[27] Bhatia, A.; Mishra, T. Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Potential of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lamk.) Seed Extract. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 2009, 8, 42-46. https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1214
https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1214

[28] Vahedi, F.; Najafi, M. F.; Bozari, K. Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect and Apoptosis Induction of Zyzyphus Jujube on Tumor Cell Lines, an in vitro Preliminary Study. Cytotechnology 2008, 56, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10616-008-9131-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-008-9131-6

[29] Akanda, M. K. M.; Hasan, A. H. M. N. Characterization of Pharmacological Properties of Methanolic Seed and Stem Bark Extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana (BAU Kul) Using in-vitro and in-vivo Animal (Swiss albino male mice) Model. Clin. Phytosci. 2021, 7, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00246-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00246-0

[30] Aldhanhani, A. R.; Ahmed, Z. F.; Tzortzakis, N.; Singh, Z. Maturity Stage at Harvest Influences Antioxidant Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. and Ziziphus spina-christi L.). Ann. Agric. Sci. 2022, 67, 196-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2022.12.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2022.12.003

[31] Owolarafe, T. A.; Salawu, K.; Ihegboro, G. O.; Ononamadu, C. J.; Alhassan, A. J.; Wudil, A. M. Investigation of Cytotoxicity Potential of Different Extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam) Leaf Allium cepa Model. Toxicol. Rep. 2020, 7, 816-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.010

[32] Jain, P.; Haque, A.; Islam, T.; Alam, M. A.; Reza, H. M. Comparative Evaluation of Ziziphus mauritiana Leaf Extracts for Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2019, 25, 236-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2019.1600627
https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2019.1600627

[33] Singleton, V. L.; Orthofer, R.; Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. 14. Analysis of Total Phenols and Other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. In Methods in Enzymology Vol. 299; Academic Press, 1999; pp 152-178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1

[34] Al-Saeedi, A. H.; Al- Ghafri, M. T. H.; Hossain, M. A. Comparative Evaluation of total Phenols, Flavonoids Content and Antioxidant Potential of Leaf and Fruit Extracts of Omani Ziziphus Jujuba L. Pac. Sci. Rev. A: Nat. Sci. Eng. 2016, 18, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psra.2016.09.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psra.2016.09.001

[35] Chang, C.-C.; Yang, M.-H.; Wen, H.-M.; Chern, J.-C. Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Propolis by Two Complementary Colorimetric Methods. Journal of Food Drug Analysis 2002, 10, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748

[36] Lim, Y. Y.; Quah, E. P. L. Antioxidant Properties of Different Cultivars of Portulaca oleracea. Food Chem 2007, 103, 734-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.025

[37] Chen, Z.; Bertin, R.; Froldi, G. EC50 Estimation of Antioxidant Activity in DPPH Assay using Several Statistical Programs. Food Chem 2013, 138, 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.001

[38] Roby, M. H. H.; Sarhan, M. A.; Selim, K. A.-H.; Khalel, K. I. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Extracts of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 44, 437-445. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.012

[39] Robbins, R. J. Phenolic Acids in Foods: An Overview of Analytical Methodology. J Agric Food Chem 2003, 51, 2866-2887. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf026182t
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf026182t

[40] Wojdyło, A.; Oszmiański, J.; Czemerys, R. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds in 32 Selected Herbs. Food Chem 2007, 105, 940-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.038
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.038

[41] Pontis, J. A.; Costa, L. A. M. A. d.; Silva, S. J. R. d.; Flach, A. Color, Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Honey from Roraima, Brazil. Food Science and Technology (Campinas) 2014, 34, 69-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612014005000015
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612014005000015

[42] Yan, M.; Wang, Y.; Watharkar, R. B.; Pu, Y.; Wu, C.; Lin, M.; Lu, D.; Liu, M.; Bao, J.; Xia, Y. Physicochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Harvested from Eight Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Cultivars at Different Development Stages. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 2272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06313-5
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06313-5

[43] Gao, Q. H.; Wu, C. S.; Yu, J. G.; Wang, M.; Ma, Y. J.; Li, C. L. Textural Characteristic, Antioxidant Activity, Sugar, Organic Acid, and Phenolic Profiles of 10 Promising Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Selections. J. Food Sci. 2012, 77, C1218-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02946.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02946.x

[44] Wojdyło, A.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A.; Legua, P.; Hernández, F. Phenolic Composition, Ascorbic Acid Content, and Antioxidant Capacity of Spanish Jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) Fruits. Food Chem 2016, 201, 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.090
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.090

[45] Gao, Q.-H.; Wu, P.-T.; Liu, J.-R.; Wu, C.-S.; Parry, J. W.; Wang, M. Physico-Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of Different Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Cultivars Grown in Loess Plateau of China. Sci. Hortic. 2011, 130, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.06.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.06.005

[46] Wang, B.-N.; Cao, W.; Gao, H.; Fan, M.-T.; Zheng, J.-B. Simultaneous Determination of Six Phenolic Compounds in Jujube by LC-ECD. Chromatographia 2010, 71, 703-707. https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-010-1485-1
https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-010-1485-1

[47] Gao, Q.-H.; Wu, C.-S.; Wang, M. The Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.) Fruit: A Review of Current Knowledge of Fruit Composition and Health Benefits. J Agric Food Chem 2013, 61, 3351-3363. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4007032
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4007032

[48] Xue, X.; Zhao, A.; Wang, Y.; Ren, H.; Du, J.; Li, D.; Li, Y. Composition and Content of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids Among the Different Varieties, Development Stages, and Tissues of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). PloS one 2021, 16, e0254058. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254058
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254058

[49] Shan, B.; Cai, Y. Z.; Sun, M.; Corke, H. Antioxidant Capacity of 26 Spice Extracts and Characterization of their Phenolic Constituents. J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53, 7749-7759. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051513y
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051513y

[50] Amin, A.; Mousa, M. Merits of Anti-Cancer Plants from the Arabian Gulf Region. Cancer Therapy 2007, 5, 55-66.

[51] Popova, M.; Bankova, V.; Butovska, D.; Petkov, V.; Nikolova-Damyanova, B.; Sabatini, A. G.; Marcazzan, G. L.; Bogdanov, S. Validated Methods for the Quantification of Biologically Active Constituents of Poplar-Type Propolis. Phytochem Anal 2004, 15, 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.777
https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.777

[52] Capocasa, F.; Scalzo, J.; Mezzetti, B.; Battino, M. Combining Quality and Antioxidant Attributes in the Strawberry: The Role of Genotype. Food Chem 2008, 111, 872-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.068
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.068

[53] Robards, K.; Prenzler, P. D.; Tucker, G.; Swatsitang, P.; Glover, W. Phenolic Compounds and their Role in Oxidative Processes in Fruits. Food Chem 1999, 66, 401-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00093-X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00093-X

[54] Kitts, D. D.; Wijewickreme, A. N.; Hu, C. Antioxidant Properties of a North American Ginseng Extract. Mol Cell Biochem 2000, 203, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007078414639
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007078414639

[55] Fettah, A.; Hachani, S. E.; Chennai, Y.; Zeghdoud , H. Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. Cultivated in Biskra, Algeria. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2023, 17, 397-406. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.02.397
https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.02.397

[56] Wang, B.; Huang, Q.; Venkitasamy, C.; Chai, H.; Gao, H.; Cheng, N.; Cao, W.; Lv, X.; Pan, Z. Changes in Phenolic Compounds and their Antioxidant Capacities in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Miller) during Three Edible Maturity Stages. LWT-Food Science and Technology 2016, 66, 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.10.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.10.005